This was accompanied by a reduction in starch content and amylase activity. The PGPS caused lipid peroxidation in the bean cotyledons and maize endosperm as evidenced by an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity. The activities of some hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, invertase and protease) as well as antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were assayed in relation to nutrient accumulation in bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) seedlings using these three plant growth promoting substances (PGPS).
The present study investigated the possible mechanism by which this is achieved. Exposure of seeds to optimum concentrations of smoke-water, karrikinolide and gibberellic acid promotes germination in many plants.
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